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The Ryan STs were a series of two seat, low-wing monoplane aircraft built by the Ryan Aeronautical Company. They were used as sport aircraft, as well as trainers by flying schools and the military of several countries. ==Design and development== T. Claude Ryan was the founder of the Ryan Aeronautical Company, the second incarnation of a company with this name, and the fourth company with which he had been involved to bear his name〔Russell, Stuart. ("Ryan Stm-S2." ) ''New Zealand Warbirds,'' 2002, 2014. Retrieved: 6 March 2015.〕 (the first, Ryan Airlines, was the manufacturer of the Ryan NYP, more famously known as the ''Spirit of St. Louis''). He began the development of the ST (for "Sport Trainer", and also known as S-T), the first design of the company, in 1933.〔Gunston, Bill. ''Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II''. London: Bracken Books, 1989. ISBN 1-85170-199-0.〕 The ST featured two open cockpits in tandem in a metal semi-monocoque fuselage of two main frames - one steel, the other half of steel and half of aluminium alloy (alclad) - to take the loads from the wing spars and six more alclad frames; and alclad skin.〔 It had wings in three sections of hybrid construction; the center section integral with the fuselage had tubular steel spars, the front spar a simple tube with an external brace to the upper fuselage, and the rear spar in the form of a parallel chord truss.〔 The two outer wing panels had wooden spars and alclad ribs, with diagonal rods bracing the wings internally. Alclad sheet was used to form the leading edges, and fabric covered the whole structure. When attached, the outer wings were braced with flying wires to the fixed conventional landing gear and landing wires to the upper fuselage.〔Holcomb, Kevin. ("Ryan ST Construction description." ) ''Holcomb's Aerodrome''. Retrieved: 23 January 2008.〕 Five STs were built〔Taylor, M. J. H. ed. ''Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation.'' London: Studio Editions Ltd., 1989. ISBN 1-85170-324-1.〕 before the follow-on ST-A (A for ''A''erobatic) was developed with a more powerful engine. A single ST-B was produced, this being an ST-A with only one seat and an extra fuel tank where the front cockpit normally was; this aircraft was subsequently converted back to ST-A standard.〔("Ryan." ) ''Aerofiles.com,'' 13 March 2009. Retrieved: 23 January 2008.〕 The ST-A was further developed as the ST-A Special, with an engine of increased power. In 1937 the ST-A Special was developed into a military version, the STM (also ST-M) series. Changes included wider cockpits to enable military pilots to enter and exit while wearing parachutes, and provision for a machine gun on some examples.〔 Variants in the series included the STM-2P single-seat version armed with a machine gun delivered to Nationalist China; and the STM-S2, which could be fitted with landing gear or with EDO Model 1965 floats.〔〔Orphan, Graham M. "The Ryan ''ST'' in Australia (and the survivors of the breed)". ''Classic Wings Downunder'' magazine, Volume 7, No. 4, September/October 2000, pp. 26–29. ISSN 1172-9643.〕 After the ST-M came the ST-3, a substantial redesign in 1941 partly brought about by the unreliability of the Menasco engines fitted to STs to that point. The United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) had purchased several dozen ST-M variants under various designations and had Ryan Aeronautical re-engine most with Kinner R-440 radial engines.〔〔 The USAAC found the modification to be beneficial and asked Ryan Aeronautical to design a variant with this engine as standard, and with airframe modifications considered desirable from in-service experience. The ST-3 that resulted featured a longer and more circular wider fuselage, this being suggested by the circular radial engine. Other changes included a revised rudder, balanced ailerons and elevators, and strengthened main landing gear with the legs spaced further apart. The streamlining spats covering the mainwheels, found on ST series aircraft to that point, were deleted as well.〔 The ST-3 served as the basis for military versions ordered by the USAAC and the United States Navy (USN).〔〔Mondey 2006, pp. 224–225.〕 The ST-3 gave rise to another model developed in 1941 and early 1942, this was the ST-3KR (for ''K''inner ''R''adial). The ST-3KR had a more powerful Kinner R-5 engine fitted and became the definitive model; more than 1,000 military versions were built during World War II as PT-22 Recruits.〔 The final variant was the ST-4, which was a version of the ST-3 with a wooden fuselage, developed in case a shortage of "strategic materials" (i.e. of metal) developed. Such a shortage did not eventuate and the ST-4 was not put into mass-production.〔 Some U.S. Navy versions of the ST-3, the NR-1, were converted to specialized ground trainers to teach cadets how to taxi aircraft when on the ground or after landing, and especially in crosswinds. The main wing was clipped back to the landing gear; a small nose wheel added to prevent ground loops; a roll cage between cockpits to protect the pilot and cadet; and the throttle modified so the engine could not go over a certain RPM.〔("Navy Planes altered to protect cadet fliers." ) ''Popular Mechanics'', December 1944, p. 32.〕 The first Ryan ST flew for the first time on 8 June 1934〔 and production began the following year, when nine aircraft were delivered.〔 Except for 1937 (when 46 aircraft were built), production rates remained low for several years, at about one aircraft every two weeks. This changed in 1940 when deliveries to military forces began in earnest; production that year was just under three aircraft per week.〔 Total production of civil and military aircraft prior to the entry of the United States into World War II amounted to 315.〔〔("Ryan ST serial number list." ) ''Aerofiles,'' 13 March 2009. Retrieved: 23 January 2008.〕 Another 1,253 military versions were produced in 1942 and 1943, for a total of 1,568 aircraft of all models.〔Donald 1997, pp. 792–793.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ryan ST」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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